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Pollution - Ionising Radiation

A Level Environmental Science Revision
Quiz by
stwvlker
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Last updated: April 24, 2025
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First submittedApril 24, 2025
Times taken3
Average score1.8%
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Hint
Answer
MONITORING TBC SAY OK
OK
Uses
Industry
Uses
Healthcare
Uses
Agriculture
Uses
Research
Uses
Nuclear fission and fusion
Industrial uses
Rolling paper and metal
Industrial uses
Jet engines
Industrial uses
Testing polymer strength
Industrial uses
Rock porosity
Healthcare uses
Sterilisation
Healthcare uses
Cancer treatment
Healthcare uses
X-Ray
Healthcare uses
CT scans
Agricultural uses
Feed pest control
Research uses
Radio-labelled tracers
Nuclear uses
Weapons
Nuclear uses
Electricity
Nuclear uses
Ship propulsion
Natural sources
Cosmic radiation
Natural sources
Lithospheric gamma rays
Natural sources
Internal
Natural sources
Radon
Cosmic radiation
Sub-atomic particles released by the sun, absorbed into the earth's atmosphere, releasing electromagnetic radiation
Lithosphere penetration
Radioactive isotopes release radiation as they decay
For example
Gamma
Internal meaning (3)
Food, water, inhalation
Internal example
Activation products
Internal example
Radioisotopes
Radon
Gaseous radionuclide released by underground radioisotope decay
Features of radon
Unstable
Features of radon
Releases alpha radiation
Features of radon
Travels through rocks and foundations
UK Radon hotspot
Cornwall
UK Radon hotspot
Devon
Human sources
Occupational exposure
Human sources
Medical
Human sources
Atomic weapons
How?
Water and wind carries
Human sources
Consumer products
For example
Smoke detectors
For example
Ceramics
Human sources
Industrial
Exposure meaning
Absorption
Contamination meaning
Physically carrying
Free radical meaning
Highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons
Free radical meaning
Short lived
Free radical meaning
May produce more stable molecules
Activation product meaning
Substances that become radioactive after neutron bombardment
Fuck it reword
Neutron absorption converts a previously stable nuclei becomes radionuclide that can decay
Effects on living tissue
Produces free radicals
Effects on living tissue
DNA mutations
Effects on living tissue
Inhibits normal cell function
Effects on living tissue
Bone marrow damage
Effects on living tissue
Immune system damage
Hint
Answer
Effects on living tissue
Haemorrage and blood loss
VS TBC
Somatic vs Gonadic
VS TBC
Chronic vs Acute
Cells most affected by mutations
Rapidly dividing skin and gut
Repair potential
Nucleus may repair low level damage
Impact factors
Penetration power
Impact factors
Distance can travel
Impact factors
Ease of absorption
Half time
Time taken for 1/2 isotope to decay
RBE
Measure of comparative effects on living tissue
Alpha RBE
20
Beta RBE
1
Gamma RBE
1
X-ray RBE
1
Neutrons RBE
2-10
Alpha Impact
Easily absorbed by clothing and skin
Alpha Impact
Travels a short distance
Alpha Impact
High concentration to a small mass
Alpha Impact
Releases free radicals
Beta Impacts
Moderately dangerous
Beta Impacts
Travels a short distance
Gamma+ + X-ray Impacts
Lower danger
Gamma+ + X-ray Impacts
Travels a long distance
Neutron Impacts
Moderately absorbed
Neutron Impacts
Travels a medium distance
Neutron Impacts
Dangerous after exposure due to activation products
ALARA
As Low As Reasonably Achievable
BATNEEC
Best available technology not entailing excessive cost
Controls
Closed sources
Why?
Prevent direct contact
How?
Containers
How?
Suits
Controls
Materials
Controls
Protective clothing
Controls
Distance
Controls
Period of exposure
Controls
Decontamination
For example
Scrubbing
For example
Potassium iodide prevents radioactive iodine uptake
Inverse square law
Exposure drops at a higher rate to distance
HLW
High level waste
HLW example
Uranium fuel rods
ILW
Intermediate Level Waste
ILW example
Tubes surrounding fuel rods
LLW
Low level waste
HLW management
Vitrification
ILW management
Encapsulation
Solid LLW
Polythene bags in steel drums in concrete lined landfill
Liquid LLW
Filtered
Liquid LLW
Ion exchange
Gaseous LLW
Filtered
UK Site for HLW + ILW
Sellafield, Cumbria
Vitrification
Powdered, mixed with molten glass, poured into a steel container, stored in a ventilated concrete building
Encapsulation
Mixed with cement slurry and poured into impermeable containers
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