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Edexcel Politics 5. Conservatism and Liberalism

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Last updated: August 18, 2019
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First submittedAugust 17, 2019
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Question or Term
Answer
The oldest branch of conservatism, established under Edmund Burke in response to the French Revolution, which emphasised pragmatism, empiricism, organicism, tradition, and paternalistic hierarchies
Traditional conservatism
Those two ideologies which causes one-nation conservatism to further embrace unity, paternalism, welfarism, and a mixed economy after the First World War in alphabetical order
Fascism and Socialism
The fundamental principle of conservatism, that for something to be preserved, it has to be continuously updated and maintained
Change to Conserve
The modern liberal idea of justice in terms of the distribution of wealth, opportunities, and privileges within society
Social Justice
The conservative belief that the elites present in naturally occurring hierarchies have a responsibility to the less powerful, as a father to his children
Paternalism or Noblesse Oblige
That which conservatives believe the ruling class should be, often in the form of a possibly hereditary aristocracy, comprised of those born and trained to rule, legislating only where necessary to maintain order and social cohesion
Hierarchy
That branch of liberalism which found its roots in the structural changes to society wrought by industrialisation, urbanisation, and the development of democracy and socialism
Later classical liberalism
That which conservatives are often sceptical of due to it promoting risk and innovation, while threatening excessive inequality, risking instability
Capitalism
That, the six core principles of which are; individualism, freedom, minimal state interference, rationalism, equality, and liberal democracy
Liberalism
A libertarian principle akin to the 'night-watchman state' that only exceeds anarchism in that it seeks a government that provides citizens with a military, police force, and courts, though nothing more
Minarchism
An aspect of the conservative tenet of human imperfection, that holds that humans naturally crave security and safety, placing more importance on social order than on individual liberty
Psychological Imperfection
The earliest branch of liberalism, placing the highest value on individual rights and freedoms, as espoused by John Locke and the Enlightenment
Early classical liberalism
John Rawl's idea that in a just society, people can enjoy as much freedom as possible provided it wasn't exercised at the expense of others, and difference in economic outcome is kept to a minimum
Difference Principle
That which conservatives believe the state must hold strongly, as the feasibility of individual rights in entirely dependent upon law and order, which can only be provided by a state with such an attribute
Authority
An American new right conservative who strongly advocated a small, libertarian state focussed only on order and security, governing over an atomist society, built by talented individuals, not ambitious governments
Ayn Rand (1905 - 1982)
A twentieth century development of liberalism which countenanced greater state intervention to protect the vulnerable members of society by promoting positive freedom and a more collectivist system
Modern liberalism
That event which helped birth conservatism by somewhat discrediting the Enlightenment monopoly on political thought
Reign of Terror
An aspect of the conservative tenet of human imperfection, that holds that humans have limited mental powers of reasoning, making tradition, history, and practical experience a valuable guide and mold
Intellectual Imperfection
The popular conservative belief that decisions should be based on evidence gained through experience rather than theory, emphasising what is, rather than what should be
Empiricism
A theory linked to the writings of John Locke that mankind is inherently rational and therefore capable of developing a state based on reason that reflects mankind's needs
Mechanistic Theory
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