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Question or Term
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Answer
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A state that intervenes to better allow people to reach their potential
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Enabling State
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A 1790 book by Edmund Burke written in strong opposition to the French Revolution and its ideals, arguing that tradition and empiricism are the antidote to tyranny
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Reflections on the Revolution in France
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That which conservatives believe should find its origin in a gradual, organic, and pragmatic development in response to humanity's needs rather than by contract which often results in idealism and normativism
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The State
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The conservative belief that the elites present in naturally occurring hierarchies have a responsibility to the less powerful, as a father to his children
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Paternalism or Noblesse Oblige
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An important modern liberal, known for promoting the idea of equal opportunity, and a greater role for the state in improving economic equality
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John Rawls (1921 - 2002)
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John Stuart Mill's exception to the liberal principle of tolerance, that power can rightfully be exercised against someone's will to prevent harm to others
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Harm Principle
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A term used to describe conservatism due to its pessimistic view of human nature as being fundamentally flawed
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Philosophy of Imperfection
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That form of government championed by John Stuart Mill, though only under the conditions arising from the establishment of universal education
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Representative Democracy
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A philosophy associated with Friedrich von Hayek and Milton Friedman that proposed an extension of individual freedoms by reducing the size and purview of the state, and creating a free market economy
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Neo-liberalism
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One of the 20th century's most important conservative philosophers, believing pragmatism, empiricism, and a state that would 'prevent the bad rather than create the good' as being core to a succesful society
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Michael Oakeshott (1901 - 1990)
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That branch of liberalism which found its roots in the structural changes to society wrought by industrialisation, urbanisation, and the development of democracy and socialism
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Later classical liberalism
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The liberal idea that people are capable of reason and logic and thus debate and discussion are superior in guiding people's interests compared to edicts from above
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Rationalism
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That which the state is often considered to be under liberal ideas
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A necessary evil
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That which liberalism believes is inherently rational, thus causing people to realise that consensus is how best to solve problems
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Human Nature
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An American new right conservative who strongly advocated a small, libertarian state focussed only on order and security, governing over an atomist society, built by talented individuals, not ambitious governments
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Ayn Rand (1905 - 1982)
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The subjective declaration and claim of how things ought to be and what is good, bad, right, or wrong
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Normativity
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Those two countries in which the idea of the nation-state differs from that of continental Europeans in that the nation and the state are intertwined rather than the nation being the the basis for the state
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UK and USA
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A branch of conservatism, ascendant in the 1970's and 80's that mixed neo-liberalism and neo-conservatism, both balancing out and complementing their purported contradictions
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New Right conservatism
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A philosophy proffered by John Stuart Mill that focussed on individuals' potential within a framework of education, individual liberty, and freedom of expression
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Developmental Individualism
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A modern liberal view of tolerance characterised by the criminalisation of some forms of discrimination and the use of positive discrimination/affirmative action
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Social liberalism
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