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Hint
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Answer
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MONITORING TBC SAY OK
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OK
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Uses
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Industry
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Uses
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Healthcare
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Uses
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Agriculture
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Uses
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Research
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Uses
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Nuclear fission and fusion
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Industrial uses
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Rolling paper and metal
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Industrial uses
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Jet engines
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Industrial uses
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Testing polymer strength
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Industrial uses
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Rock porosity
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Healthcare uses
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Sterilisation
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Healthcare uses
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Cancer treatment
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Healthcare uses
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X-Ray
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Healthcare uses
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CT scans
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Agricultural uses
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Feed pest control
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Research uses
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Radio-labelled tracers
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Nuclear uses
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Weapons
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Nuclear uses
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Electricity
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Nuclear uses
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Ship propulsion
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Natural sources
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Cosmic radiation
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Natural sources
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Lithospheric gamma rays
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Natural sources
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Internal
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Natural sources
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Radon
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Cosmic radiation
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Sub-atomic particles released by the sun, absorbed into the earth's atmosphere, releasing electromagnetic radiation
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Lithosphere penetration
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Radioactive isotopes release radiation as they decay
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For example
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Gamma
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Internal meaning (3)
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Food, water, inhalation
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Internal example
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Activation products
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Internal example
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Radioisotopes
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Radon
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Gaseous radionuclide released by underground radioisotope decay
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Features of radon
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Unstable
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Features of radon
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Releases alpha radiation
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Features of radon
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Travels through rocks and foundations
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UK Radon hotspot
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Cornwall
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UK Radon hotspot
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Devon
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Human sources
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Occupational exposure
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Human sources
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Medical
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Human sources
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Atomic weapons
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How?
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Water and wind carries
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Human sources
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Consumer products
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For example
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Smoke detectors
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For example
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Ceramics
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Human sources
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Industrial
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Exposure meaning
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Absorption
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Contamination meaning
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Physically carrying
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Free radical meaning
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Highly reactive molecules with unpaired electrons
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Free radical meaning
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Short lived
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Free radical meaning
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May produce more stable molecules
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Activation product meaning
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Substances that become radioactive after neutron bombardment
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Fuck it reword
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Neutron absorption converts a previously stable nuclei becomes radionuclide that can decay
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Effects on living tissue
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Produces free radicals
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Effects on living tissue
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DNA mutations
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Effects on living tissue
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Inhibits normal cell function
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Effects on living tissue
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Bone marrow damage
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Effects on living tissue
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Immune system damage
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Effects on living tissue
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Haemorrage and blood loss
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VS TBC
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Somatic vs Gonadic
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VS TBC
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Chronic vs Acute
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Cells most affected by mutations
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Rapidly dividing skin and gut
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Repair potential
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Nucleus may repair low level damage
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Impact factors
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Penetration power
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Impact factors
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Distance can travel
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Impact factors
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Ease of absorption
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Half time
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Time taken for 1/2 isotope to decay
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RBE
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Measure of comparative effects on living tissue
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Alpha RBE
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20
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Beta RBE
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1
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Gamma RBE
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1
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X-ray RBE
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1
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Neutrons RBE
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2-10
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Alpha Impact
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Easily absorbed by clothing and skin
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Alpha Impact
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Travels a short distance
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Alpha Impact
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High concentration to a small mass
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Alpha Impact
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Releases free radicals
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Beta Impacts
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Moderately dangerous
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Beta Impacts
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Travels a short distance
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Gamma+ + X-ray Impacts
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Lower danger
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Gamma+ + X-ray Impacts
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Travels a long distance
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Neutron Impacts
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Moderately absorbed
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Neutron Impacts
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Travels a medium distance
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Neutron Impacts
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Dangerous after exposure due to activation products
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ALARA
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As Low As Reasonably Achievable
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BATNEEC
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Best available technology not entailing excessive cost
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Controls
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Closed sources
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Why?
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Prevent direct contact
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How?
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Containers
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How?
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Suits
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Controls
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Materials
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Controls
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Protective clothing
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Controls
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Distance
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Controls
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Period of exposure
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Controls
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Decontamination
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For example
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Scrubbing
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For example
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Potassium iodide prevents radioactive iodine uptake
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Inverse square law
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Exposure drops at a higher rate to distance
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HLW
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High level waste
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HLW example
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Uranium fuel rods
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ILW
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Intermediate Level Waste
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ILW example
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Tubes surrounding fuel rods
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LLW
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Low level waste
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HLW management
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Vitrification
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ILW management
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Encapsulation
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Solid LLW
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Polythene bags in steel drums in concrete lined landfill
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Liquid LLW
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Filtered
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Liquid LLW
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Ion exchange
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Gaseous LLW
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Filtered
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UK Site for HLW + ILW
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Sellafield, Cumbria
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Vitrification
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Powdered, mixed with molten glass, poured into a steel container, stored in a ventilated concrete building
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Encapsulation
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Mixed with cement slurry and poured into impermeable containers
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