Edexcel Politics 8. US Politics: President and Supreme Court

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The Chief Justice of the Supreme Court since 2005, nominated by George W. Bush, known for his strict constructionist moderate conservative views and his position as a swing justice in some cases

One of the three principal agencies of the Executive Office of the President, that serves as his personal office, containing the staff who facilitate his communication with Congress, department and agency heads, the press, and the public

The top staff, agencies (of which there are three principal ones), and advisers, that provide advice and administrative support to the President, the most senior of them being based in the West Wing of the White House

A system of laws, regulatory measures, courses of actions, and funding priorities promulgated by the government and affecting the population, much impacted by the Supreme Court - through judicial review - either upholding or removing it

That which Charles Evans Hughes, later to become Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, said the Constitution is in 1907

That Supreme Court case in which the court ruled as it did because there was no state coercion of parents to choose religious over private schools and thus the First Amendment had not been violated

That individual the principal strengths of whom relative to Congress are that it comes with; an electoral mandate - strengthened by media exposure - the positions of head of government and head of state, powers of veto and persuasion, and a large Executive Office, providing the individual the opportunity to frame and dominate the legislative agenda

The current Supreme Court conservative:liberal, strict constructionist:loose constructionist split

That President who struggled to achieve much domestically as he was often hampered by congressional opposition and the Supreme Court, such as over his Affordable Care Act, immigration reform, and his use of executive orders

That the seal of which displays arrows representing the officeholders formal powers as Commander in Chief, and an olive branch, representing the officeholders formal power of negotiating treaties, the latter being subject to the approval of a two thirds majority in the Senate

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Answer

That office which 36 holders have acceded to having been elected, 8 on the death of the incumbent (in 4 cases by assassination), and 1 on the resignation of the incumbent

Those three justices whom have sometimes acted as swing justices since Justice Kennedy's retirement, in order of appointment

A 2006 Supreme Court case in which a 5:3 liberal majority rejected the Bush administration's military commissions to try Guantanamo detainees as they violeted US military law and the four Geneva Conventions, reaffirmed in 2008 by Boumediene v Bush

An expression popularised by historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. in the 1970's to describe the lack of effective constraint on presidential power that had arisen since the 1930's New Deal

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court from 1953 to 1969, nominated by Eisenhower, known for leading a strongly liberal court which did much to strike down segregation, Jim Crow laws, and McCarthyism

A Supreme Court justice who interprets the Constitution strictly or literally, tending to stress the power of the states, and oftentimes being originalist

That which is criticised for amounting itself to discrimination and being both unfair to majorities and patronising to minorities

A 2002 Supreme Court case in which a 5:4 conservative majority overturned an Ohioan ban on giving financial aid to parents, mostly black, allowing them to send their children to religious or private schools rather than failing state schools, 96% choosing religious schools

That fundamental law which provides a check on the power of the President to negotiate treaties and make executive and ambassadorial appointments by requiring the approval of the Senate, except in the case of the National Security Advisor's appointment

One of the three principal agencies of the Executive Office of the President, which produced the budget and assesses the effectiveness of government programmes, its head requiring Senate confirmation